Topic 2 - The Particulate Nature Of Matter

2.1 Kinetic particle theory
(a) *describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved
Read p1-15
(b) *describe and explain evidence for the movement of particles in liquids and gases (the treatment of Brownian motion is not required)
Read p16-20
(c) explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles, e.g. the spread of perfumes and cooking aromas; tea and coffee grains in water
Read p16-20
(d) *state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion and explain the dependence of rate of diffusion on temperature
Read p16-20
(e) state qualitatively and explain the effects of temperature and pressure on the volumes of gases
Read p16-20
2.2 Atomic structure
(a) state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron
Read p74-77
(b) *describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as containing protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels) (no knowledge of s, p, d and f classification will be expected; a copy of the Periodic Table will be available in Papers 1 and 2)
Read p76-77,79 
(c) define proton number and nucleon number Read p76
(d) interpret and use symbols such as ¹²₆C  Read p77
(e) define the term isotopes Read p78
(f) deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions from proton and nucleon numbers Read p76-77
(g) state that some isotopes are radioactive Read p78

2.3 Structure and properties of materials
(a) describe the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures
Read p59-71
(b) *compare the structure of simple molecular substances, e.g. methane, iodine, with those of giant molecular substances, e.g. sand, diamond, graphite in order to deduce their properties
Read p106-110
(c) *compare the bonding and structures of diamond and graphite in order to deduce properties such as electrical conductivity, lubricating or cutting action (candidates will not be required to draw the structures)
Read p109-110
(d) deduce the physical and chemical properties of substances from their structures and bonding and vice versa