(a) describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they contain or produce in aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator paper
(b) describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator paper and the pH scale
(c) describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates
(d) describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of ionisation
(e) describe neutralisation as a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water, H+ + OH– → H2O
(f) describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using calcium hydroxide
(g) describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts
(h) classify oxides as acidic, basic or amphoteric, based on metallic/non-metallic character
7.2 Preparation of salts
(a) *describe the techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of salts as examples of some of the techniques specified in Section 1.2(a)
(methods for preparation should include precipitation and titration together with reactions of acids with metals, insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates)
(b) describe the general rules of solubility for common salts to include nitrates, chlorides (including silver and lead), sulfates (including barium, calcium and lead), carbonates, hydroxides, Group I cations and ammonium salts
(c) suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials, given appropriate information
7.3 Properties and uses of ammonia
(a) describe the use of nitrogen, from air, and hydrogen, from cracking oil, in the manufacture of ammonia
(b) state that some chemical reactions are reversible (e.g. manufacture of ammonia)
(c) *describe and explain the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
(d) describe the use of nitrogenous fertilisers in promoting plant growth and crop yield
(e) compare nitrogen content of salts used for fertilisers by calculating percentage masses
(f) describe eutrophication and water pollution problems caused by nitrates leaching from farm land and explain why the high solubility of nitrates increases these problems
(g) describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts and explain why adding calcium hydroxide to soil can cause the loss of nitrogen from added nitrogenous fertiliser
7.4 Sulfuric acid
(a) describe the manufacture of sulfuric acid from the raw materials sulfur, air and water in the Contact process
(b) state the use of sulfur dioxide as a bleach, in the manufacture of wood pulp for paper and as a food preservative (by killing bacteria)
(c) state the uses of sulfuric acid in the manufacture of detergents and fertilisers, and as a battery acid
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