Please read p302-303
(b) *represent energy changes by energy profile diagrams, including reaction enthalpy changes and activation energies (see 6.1(c))
Please read p309-311
(c) describe bond breaking as an endothermic process and bond making as an exothermic process
Please read p306-307
(d) *explain overall enthalpy changes in terms of the energy changes associated with the breaking and making of covalent bonds
Please read p307-309
(e) describe combustion of fuels as exothermic, e.g. wood, coal, oil, natural gas and hydrogen
Please read p311
(f) describe hydrogen, derived from water or hydrocarbons, as a potential fuel for use in future, reacting with oxygen to generate electricity directly in a fuel cell (details of the construction and operation of a fuel cell are not required) and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this
Please read p313
(g) name natural gas, mainly methane, and petroleum as sources of energy
Please read p311
(h) describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation
Please read p381-382
(i) name the following fractions and state their uses
- (i) petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars
- (ii) naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry
- (iii) paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines
- (iv) diesel as a fuel for diesel engines
- (v) lubricating oils as lubricants and as a source of polishes and waxes
- (vi) bitumen for making road surfaces
Please read p382
(j) describe photosynthesis as the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, using sunlight (energy) to produce glucose and explain how this can provide a renewable energy source.
Please read p371-372
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